Permaculture is primarily a thinking tool for designing low carbon,
highly productive systems. It was conceived as a response to the
devastating effects of a temperate European agriculture on the fragile
soils of Australia. Like the dust bowls of the USA, an alien agriculture has the
capacity to turn a delicately balanced ecology into desert. Their
initial response was to design a permanent agriculture with tree crops
and other perennials inhabiting all the niches from the canopy to the
ground cover and below. From perennial tree crops,
permaculture has developed into an integrated system of design that
encompasses everything from agriculture, horticulture, architecture, and
ecology, as well as economy and legal systems for businesses and
communities.
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