Paradoxically, the number of crop–livestock farms is declining across
Europe, despite the fact that crop-livestock farms are
optimal to the sustainability of agriculture. To solve this
issue, crop–livestock integration may be organized beyond the farm
level. For instance, local groups of farmers can negotiate land-use
allocation patterns and exchange materials such as manure, grain, and
straw. Development of such a collective agricultural system raises
questions about how to integrate
crops and livestock among farms, and the consequences, impacts, and
conditions of integrating them. This article reviews the different forms of
crop–livestock integration beyond the farm level, their potential
benefits, and the features of decision support systems (DSS) needed for
the integration process.
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