Multicausality makes ecology hard and fun (online)

Why Ecology is hard and fun: Multi-causality

In this essay discussing the role of multi-causality in ecology, Brian MacGill argues that it is what makes ecology so hard, but also so much fun. He argues that the relatively simple scientific approaches and answers of physics or maths can never work in ecology, which needs its own particular methods to deal with complexity and multi-causality. He discusses 8 different methods that ecologists can use to help them understand and explain multi-causality in the systems they study.